A Para-Substituted 2-Phenoxy-1,10-Phenanthroline Ligand for Lanthanide Sensitization: Asymmetric Coordination and Enhanced Emission from Eu3+, Tb3+, Sm3+ and Dy3+ Complexes

Abstract

A para-substituted 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, 2-(4-methylphenoxy)-1,10-phenanthroline (L24), was synthesized and structurally characterized. Complexes with Eu3+, Tb3+, Sm3+ , and Dy3+ were obtained in a 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio and analyzed using single-crystal x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and TD-DFT calculations. Coordination via the phenanthroline nitrogen atoms, combined with steric asymmetry from the para methylphenoxy group, induces low-symmetry environments favorable for electric-dipole transitions. Excited-state lifetimes reached 2.12 ms (Eu3+) and 1.12 ms (Tb3+), with quantum yields of 42% and 68%, respectively. The triplet-state energy of L24 (22,741 cm−1 ) aligns well with emissive levels of Eu3+ and Tb3+, consistent with Latva’s criterion. Fluorescence titrations indicated positively cooperative complexation, with association constants ranging from 0.60 to 1.67. Stark splitting and high 5D0 → 7F2/ 7F1 intensity ratios (R2 = 6.25) confirm the asymmetric coordination field. The para-methylphenoxy substituent appears sufficient to lower coordination symmetry and strengthen electric-dipole transitions, offering a controlled route to enhance photoluminescence in Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes.