Assessment of Cooked Meatballs’ Edibility Using Calibrated MOS Sensors and Microbiological Validation

Abstract

Food waste is often driven by consumer uncertainty about the spoilage of stored food, especially for cooked meal leftovers where microbial growth is the main concern. We analyzed whether metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors placed inside ordinary food containers can monitor the edibility of leftovers, specifically cooked meatballs. Sensors were operated using temperature cycling to enhance selectivity, and cycle-aligned features were extracted. A prior calibration campaign produced information used to map cycle-aligned features into estimated gas concentrations for relevant VOCs. Total viable counts, which represent the growth of total number of spoilage microorganisms, were analyzed on days 0, 5 and 7 to determine the food’s freshness. Both the raw sensor features and the calibration-derived gas concentration estimates were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and evaluated with a leave-one-sensor-out (LOSO) binary classifier for multiple food containers. PCA on the calibrated gas estimates revealed a dominant axis that consistently tracks food degradation over time across various containers. LOSO classification accuracy improved from 81.7% using raw sensor features to 87.8% using calibrated gas concentration estimates. These findings represent a proof of principle that calibrated MOS sensor systems can robustly support in situ edibility assessment for cooked food.